A dynamic global network infrastructure that self-configures based on industry-standard and interoperable communication protocols, where physical and virtual "things" have identified physical characteristics and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, frequently communicates data related to users and their environment.
Definition and characteristics of IoT:
- A dynamic global network infrastructure with self – configuring based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identified, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, often communicate data associated with users and their environment
- Characteristics: IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their operating condition.Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether it is day or night.
- Self – Configuring: :IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality .
- Interoperable communication protocols:: IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure.
- Unique Identity::Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier.IPaddress, URI).IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on the context, allow communication with users and the environment contexts.
- Integrated into information network:: IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network that allows them to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systemsDynamic and self-Adapting
Cellular mobile communication
1.Explain
about Concept of cell splitting?
Cell splitting
is the process of. subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells,
each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height
and transmitter power. • Cell splitting increases the. capacity of a cellular
system since it increases the number of times that channels are reused.
2.Types
of co channel interference?
Repeated use of the
same frequency channels in different co-channel cells produces co-channel
interference. Non-co-channel interference (NCCI) - Non-co-channel interference
is due to signals that are adjacent in the frequency to the desired
signal.
3.Channel sharing?
In telecommunication,
frequency sharing or channel sharing is the assignment to or use of the
same radio frequency by two or more stations that are separated geographically
or that use the frequency at different times.
4.What is omni cell and
sectorized cell ?
Omni cells:
An omni cell is a cell where the
antenna transmits omni-directional. The coverage area of an omni cell is in
principle a hexagon/circle, but in reality a rough pattern.
Sector cells:
A sector cell is a cell where the
antenna transmits directional.
Examples of sector cell types are:
- 2-sector cells
(e.g. for highways)
- 3-sector cells.
2. Explain about frequency Reuse concept?
Frequency reusing is the concept of
using the same radio frequencies within a given area, that are separated by
considerable distance, with minimal interference, to establish communication.
Frequency reuse offers the following
benefits −
Allows communications within cell on a
given frequency
Limits escaping power to adjacent cells
Allows re-use of frequencies in nearby
cells
Uses same frequency for multiple
conversations
10 to 50 frequencies per cell
3.a)Explain about permeance criteria of
cellular mobile communication?
The system should serve an area as large as possible.
The transmitted power would have to be very high to illuminate weak spots with
sufficient reception, a significant added cost factor. The higher the
transmitted power, the harder it becomes to control interference.
b) Explain about
cellular traffic?
Mobile radio networks
have traffic issues that do not arise in connection with the fixed line PSTN.
Important aspects of cellular traffic include: quality of service targets,
traffic capacity and cell size, spectral efficiency and sectorization, traffic
capacity versus coverage, and channel holding time analysis. Trunking
Cellular radios rely on trunking to
accommodate a large number of users in a limited radio spectrum. Each user is
allocated a channel on need/per call basis and on termination of the cell, the
channel is returned to the common pool of RF channels.
Grade of Service (GOS)
Because of trunking, there is a
likelihood that a call is blocked if all the RF channels are engaged. This is
called ‘Grade of Service’ “GOS”.
Cellular designer estimates the maximum
required capacity and allocates the proper number of RF channels, in order to
meet the GOS. For these calculations, ‘ERLANG B’ table is used.
Types of Hypothesis
- Hypothesis
- Types-of-diodes
- coupled-amplifiers
- Insulators
- Oscillators
MCQ SUBJECT WISE
- MOCK TEST for Electronics
- STLD MCQ
- Electronics and Devices and circuits MCQ
- Electronics Circuits and Analysis MCQ
Lab manuals:
- Analog communication Lab
What is hypothesis
Hypothesis: A prediction of the outcome of a study. Hypotheses are
drawn from theories and research questions
or from direct observations. In fact, a research problem
can be formulated as a hypothesis. To test the hypothesis we need to
formulate it in terms that can actually
be analysed with statistical tools.
As an example, if we want to explore
whether using a specific teaching
method at school will result in better school marks (research question), the hypothesis could be that
the mean school
marks of students
being taught with that specific
teaching method will be
higher than of those being taught using other methods. In this example, we
stated a hypothesis about the expected
differences between groups.
Other hypotheses may refer to correlations between
variables.
A hypothesis should include
a statement about the relationship between two or more variables and
carry clear implications for testing the stated relationship. For example, you might need to know if
and how your customers’ positive and negative product expectations are
confirmed or disconfirmed upon product
use.
How to Formulate the Research Problem
Problem formulation is simplified once we define the components of the research problem.
Specify the Research Objectives: A clear statement of objectives
will help you develop effective research. It will help the decision makers
evaluate your project.
It is critical that you have manageable objectives. Thus, two or three
clear goals will help to keep your research project focused
and relevant.
Review the Environment or Context of the Problem: As a marketing
researcher, you must work closely with your team. This will help you determine whether the findings
of your project will produce enough information to be worth the cost. In order to do this, you have to identify
the environmental variables that will affect
the research project. These variables will be discussed
in-depth in later units.
Explore the Nature of the Problem: Research problems range from simple
to complex, depending on the number of variables and the nature of their relationship. If you understand the nature of the problem as a researcher,
you will be able to better develop
a solution for the problem.
To help you understand all dimensions, you might want to consider focus groups
of consumers, sales people, managers, or professionals to provide what is sometimes much needed insight.
Define the Variable Relationships: Marketing plans often focus on
creating a sequence of behaviours that occur over time, as in the adoption of a new package design, or the introduction of a new product. Such programmes create a commitment to follow
some behavioural pattern
in the future. Studying such a process
involves:
Determining which variables affect
the solution to the problem.
Determining the degree to which each variable can be controlled.
Determining the functional relationships between the variables
and which variables are critical to the solution
of the problem.
During the problem formulation stage, you will want to generate and consider as many
courses of action and
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